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Complete Home and Office Legal Guide (Chestnut) (1993).ISO
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JUSTICE STEVENS discounts these systemic effects when he charac-
terizes patronage as fostering partisan, rather than public, in-
terests. Ante, at 9. But taking JUSTICE STEVENS at his word,
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one wonders why patronage can ever be an ``appropriate require-
----
ment for the position involved,'' ante, at 1.
----
Patronage, moreover, has been a powerful means of achieving the
social and political integration of excluded groups. See, e. g.,
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Elrod, supra, at 379 (Powell, J., dissenting); Cornwell, Bosses,
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Machines and Ethnic Politics, in Ethnic Group Politics 190,
195-197 (H. Bailey, Jr., & E. Katz eds. 1969). By supporting and
ultimately dominating a particular party ``machine,'' racial and
ethnic minorities have--on the basis of their politics rather
than their race or ethnicity--acquired the patronage awards the
machine had power to confer. No one disputes the historical ac-
curacy of this observation, and there is no reason to think that
patronage can no longer serve that function. The abolition of
patronage, however, prevents groups that have only recently ob-
tained political power, especially blacks, from following this
path to economic and social advancement.
`Every ethnic group that has achieved political power in
American cities has used the bureaucracy to provide jobs in re-
turn for political support. It's only when Blacks begin to
play the same game that the rules get changed. Now the use of
such jobs to build political bases becomes an ``evil'' activi-
ty, and the city insists on taking the control back ``down-
town.'' ' '' New York Amsterdam News, Apr. 1, 1978, p. A-4,
quoted in Hamilton, The Patron-Recipient Relationship and
Minority Politics in New York City, 94 Pol. Sci. Q. 211, 212
(1979).
While the patronage system has the benefits argued for above, it
also has undoubted disadvantages. It facilitates financial corr-
uption, such as salary kickbacks and partisan political activity
on government-paid time. It reduces the efficiency of govern-
ment, because it creates incentives to hire more and less-
qualified workers and because highly qualified workers are reluc-
tant to accept jobs that may only last until the next election.
And, of course, it applies some greater or lesser inducement for
individuals to join and work for the party in power.
To hear the Court tell it, this last is the greatest evil. That
is not my view, and it has not historically been the view of the
American people. Corruption and inefficiency, rather than
abridgement of liberty, have been the major criticisms leading to
enactment of the civil-service laws--for the very good reason
that the patronage system does not have as harsh an effect upon
conscience, expression, and association as the Court suggests.
As described above, it is the nature of the pragmatic,
patronage-based, two-party system to build alliances and to
suppress rather than foster ideological tests for participation
in the division of political ``spoils.'' What the patronage sys-
tem ordinarily demands of the party worker is loyalty to, and ac-
tivity on behalf of, the organization itself rather than a set of
political beliefs. He is generally free to urge within the or-
------ --- ---
ganization the adoption of any political position; but if that
----------
position is rejected he must vote and work for the party nonethe-
less. The diversity of political expression (other than expres-
sion of party loyalty) is channeled, in other words, to a dif-
ferent stage--to the contests for party endorsement rather than
the partisan elections. It is undeniable, of course, that the
patronage system entails some constraint upon the expression of
views, particularly at the partisan-election stage, and consider-
able constraint upon the employee's right to associate with the
other party. It greatly exaggerates these, however, to describe
them as a general `` `coercion of belief,' '' ante, at 9, quoting
----
Branti, 445 U. S., at 516; see also ante, at 11-12; Elrod, 427
------ ---- -----
U. S., at 355 (plurality opinion). Indeed, it greatly exag-
gerates them to call them ``coercion'' at all, since we generally
make a distinction between inducement and compulsion. The public
official offered a bribe is not ``coerced'' to violate the law,
and the private citizen offered a patronage job is not
``coerced'' to work for the party. In sum, I do not deny that
the patronage system influences or redirects, perhaps to a sub-
stantial degree, individual political expression and political
association. But like the many generations of Americans that
have preceded us, I do not consider that a significant impairment
of free speech or free association.
In emphasizing the advantages and minimizing the disadvantages
(or at least minimizing one of the disadvantages) of the pa-
tronage system, I do not mean to suggest that that system is
best. It may not always be; it may never be. To oppose our
Elrod-Branti jurisprudence, one need not believe that the pa-
----- ------
tronage system is necessarily desirable; nor even that it is al-
-----------
ways and everywhere arguably desirable; but merely that it is a
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political arrangement that may sometimes be a reasonable choice,
and should therefore be left to the judgment of the people's
elected representatives. The choice in question, I emphasize, is
not just between patronage and a merit-based civil service, but
rather among various combinations of the two that may suit dif-
ferent political units and different eras: permitting patronage
hiring, for example, but prohibiting patronage dismissal; permit-
ting patronage in most municipal agencies but prohibiting it in
the police department; or permitting it in the mayor's office but
prohibiting it everywhere else. I find it impossible to say
that, always and everywhere, all of these choices fail our
``balancing'' test.
C
The last point explains why Elrod and Branti should be over-
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ruled, rather than merely not extended. Even in the field of
constitutional adjudication, where the pull of stare decisis is
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at its weakest, see Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 370 U. S. 530, 543
------- -- ------
(1962) (opinion of Harlan, J.), one is reluctant to depart from
precedent. But when that precedent is not only wrong, not only
recent, not only contradicted by a long prior tradition, but also
has proved unworkable in practice, then all reluctance ought to
disappear. In my view that is the situation here. Though unwil-
ling to leave it to the political process to draw the line
between desirable and undesirable patronage, the Court has nei-
ther been prepared to rule that no such line exists (i. e., that
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all patronage is unconstitutional) nor able to design the line
---
itself in a manner that judges, lawyers, and public employees can
understand. Elrod allowed patronage dismissals of persons in
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``policymaking'' or ``confidential'' positions. 427 U. S., at
367 (plurality opinion); id., at 375 (Stewart, J., concurring).
--
Branti retreated from that formulation, asking instead ``whether
------
the hiring authority can demonstrate that party affiliation is an
appropriate requirement for the effectiv